Summary :
Language
English
 |
Name :
Kasmat yusuf
Nim : 451 410 164
Class : Geografi A
PHYSICS DIRECTION
GEOGRAFHY
STUDY PROGRAM
MATEMATUC
FACULTY AND IPA
STATE
UNIVERSITY GORONTALO
2011
Erosion
a. Definition of erosion
According to the terms of geological sciences erosion is a
change in the form of rock, soil or mud caused by water power, wind, ice,
gravity and the influence of living organisms. The wind blew hard gravity can
constantly erode the rock on the walls of the valley. The water flowed
continuously for millions of years can be eroded rocks in the vicinity as it
did in the Grand Canyon in America. Similarly, erosion due to ice called
glaciers could fracture the rock if the rock crevices filled with water that
freezes.
b. Factors affecting erosion
a. Climate
Climate is an important factor in the erosion problems in connection with its functions. As an solver agents and transport. Climatic factors that influence erosion are rainfall (Arsyad 1989). The amount of rainfall, rain intensity and distribution of rainfall determine the dispersion of Cosmos, soil, surface speed and the number and magnitude of erosion damage. Wind is another factor that determines the speed of falling rain grains. Wind than as a transport agent in the erosion in some regions also together with the temperature, and the sun shines humidity effect on evapotranspiration, thereby reducing the water content in the soil means the soil infiltration capacity increase again.
b. Topography
The slope and slope length are two factors that determine the characteristics of the topography of a watershed. Both factors are important for erosion due to these factors determine the magnitude of the speed and volume of water Larian (Asdak, 1995). Other elements that influence the configuration, the uniformity and the direction of the slope (Arsyad, 1989).
The length of the slope is calculated starting from the base point of runoff to the point where water enters into the channel or river, or where the slope is reduced such that the velocity of water flow changed. Water flowing on the surface of the soil will be collected at the end of the slope. Thus means more water flowing and the greater its speed at the bottom of the slope at the top.
c. Vegetation
A good ground cover vegetation as thick grass, or dense forests will eliminate the influence of rainfall and topography of the erosion (Arsyad, 1989). Asdak (1995) suggested that a larger role in lowering the amount of erosion is vegetation that because he is the last stratum of vegetation that will determine the size of spark erosion. The influence of vegetation on runoff and erosion is divided into five sections (Arsyad, 1989), namely:
1. As interception of rainfall by plant canopy.
2. Reducing runoff, surface water and its destructive power.
3. Roots and influences biological activities associated with vegetation growth and its effect on stability of soil structure and porosity.
4. Transpiransi resulting in reduced soil water content, thereby increasing infiltration capacity.
d. Ground
Climate is an important factor in the erosion problems in connection with its functions. As an solver agents and transport. Climatic factors that influence erosion are rainfall (Arsyad 1989). The amount of rainfall, rain intensity and distribution of rainfall determine the dispersion of Cosmos, soil, surface speed and the number and magnitude of erosion damage. Wind is another factor that determines the speed of falling rain grains. Wind than as a transport agent in the erosion in some regions also together with the temperature, and the sun shines humidity effect on evapotranspiration, thereby reducing the water content in the soil means the soil infiltration capacity increase again.
b. Topography
The slope and slope length are two factors that determine the characteristics of the topography of a watershed. Both factors are important for erosion due to these factors determine the magnitude of the speed and volume of water Larian (Asdak, 1995). Other elements that influence the configuration, the uniformity and the direction of the slope (Arsyad, 1989).
The length of the slope is calculated starting from the base point of runoff to the point where water enters into the channel or river, or where the slope is reduced such that the velocity of water flow changed. Water flowing on the surface of the soil will be collected at the end of the slope. Thus means more water flowing and the greater its speed at the bottom of the slope at the top.
c. Vegetation
A good ground cover vegetation as thick grass, or dense forests will eliminate the influence of rainfall and topography of the erosion (Arsyad, 1989). Asdak (1995) suggested that a larger role in lowering the amount of erosion is vegetation that because he is the last stratum of vegetation that will determine the size of spark erosion. The influence of vegetation on runoff and erosion is divided into five sections (Arsyad, 1989), namely:
1. As interception of rainfall by plant canopy.
2. Reducing runoff, surface water and its destructive power.
3. Roots and influences biological activities associated with vegetation growth and its effect on stability of soil structure and porosity.
4. Transpiransi resulting in reduced soil water content, thereby increasing infiltration capacity.
d. Ground
explained that the various types of soil erosion has a
sensitivity to the different. The properties that affect the sensitivity of
soil erosion are (1) soil properties that affect infiltration rate,
permeability retain water, and (2) soil properties that influence soil
structure resistance to dispersion and erosion by the beads of rain that falls
and runoff. Soil properties that affect erosion are texture, structure, organic
matter, depth, nature of soil, and soil fertility.
e. Human
Humans can prevent and accelerate erosion, depending on how the human mengelolahnya. Men that determines whether the resulting soil will break down and are not productive or be good and productive in a sustainable manner. Many factors determine whether people will maintain and care for the land wisely and try to become better and can provide enough income for an indefinite period of time (Arsyad, 1989).
e. Human
Humans can prevent and accelerate erosion, depending on how the human mengelolahnya. Men that determines whether the resulting soil will break down and are not productive or be good and productive in a sustainable manner. Many factors determine whether people will maintain and care for the land wisely and try to become better and can provide enough income for an indefinite period of time (Arsyad, 1989).
c. Various kinds of erosion
Erosion there are several kinds
according to the occurrence of which are:
1. Erosion Due to Serious Style
Rock or sediment that moves on the slope is a process of erosion caused by gravity mass. When the mass moves from a high place to low place then there is what is called the mass disposal. In the process of erosion, removal of the mass has an important role because of water currents can move the material to places that are much lower. This process occurs continuously mass disposal either gradually or abruptly so that it can cause landslides.
1. Erosion Due to Serious Style
Rock or sediment that moves on the slope is a process of erosion caused by gravity mass. When the mass moves from a high place to low place then there is what is called the mass disposal. In the process of erosion, removal of the mass has an important role because of water currents can move the material to places that are much lower. This process occurs continuously mass disposal either gradually or abruptly so that it can cause landslides.
Mountain
slopes are steep
and contain clay around
the area that has been cracked
would be very susceptible to erosion due to gravity.
Erosion will take place very quickly so it can cause
landslides.
2. Erosion by Wind
Gusts of wind are constantly in the arid region can move fine particles of rock in the area to form a formation, such as sand dunes in the desert or beach.
Another effect of the wind is strong if the particles are carried away and collide with other solid objects causing erosion of the so-called abrasion. In figure 6 can be seen examples of erosion by wind which causes the occurrence of dunes in Namibia, Africa.
3. Erosion by Water
If the level of excessive rainfall in such a way that soil can not absorb rain water so there was a puddle of water flowing fast. This water flow often causes severe erosion because it can erode the surface layer of soil in its path, especially on the bare ground. In figure 8 can be seen that due to water erosion that occurred in El Paso County, Colorado, United States.
Basically water is a major factor in erosion as the rushing river. The faster the water flows faster objects that can be eroded. Fine sand can be moved with a speed of 13.5 miles per hour which is the critical erosion velocity. Water can erode the river banks of the river in three ways: first hydraulic forces that can move the sediment layer, the second water by removing sediment can erode and dissolve the ions and the third particle in the water hitting the bedrock and erode it. Water also can erode in three places, namely along the river, the riverbed and the river slope.
Erosion can also occur due to sea water. Currents and tidal waves of the sea including sea is a factor contributing to the erosion at the edge of the ocean or beach. Due to currents and wave power is a force that can move the rock or sediment beaches.
2. Erosion by Wind
Gusts of wind are constantly in the arid region can move fine particles of rock in the area to form a formation, such as sand dunes in the desert or beach.
Another effect of the wind is strong if the particles are carried away and collide with other solid objects causing erosion of the so-called abrasion. In figure 6 can be seen examples of erosion by wind which causes the occurrence of dunes in Namibia, Africa.
3. Erosion by Water
If the level of excessive rainfall in such a way that soil can not absorb rain water so there was a puddle of water flowing fast. This water flow often causes severe erosion because it can erode the surface layer of soil in its path, especially on the bare ground. In figure 8 can be seen that due to water erosion that occurred in El Paso County, Colorado, United States.
Basically water is a major factor in erosion as the rushing river. The faster the water flows faster objects that can be eroded. Fine sand can be moved with a speed of 13.5 miles per hour which is the critical erosion velocity. Water can erode the river banks of the river in three ways: first hydraulic forces that can move the sediment layer, the second water by removing sediment can erode and dissolve the ions and the third particle in the water hitting the bedrock and erode it. Water also can erode in three places, namely along the river, the riverbed and the river slope.
Erosion can also occur due to sea water. Currents and tidal waves of the sea including sea is a factor contributing to the erosion at the edge of the ocean or beach. Due to currents and wave power is a force that can move the rock or sediment beaches.
4. Erosion by Ice
This
erosion occurs due to displacement of rock particles due to ice flow that
occurs at the riverside. Actually the ice is moving a greater strength than the
water. For example, glaciers in cold regions where water gets into the pores of
the rock and then the water freezes into ice at night so the rock to crack and
break, because the nature of the expanding ice in the pores.
d. impact of erosion
Erosion
has a detrimental impact on most, because there is damage to the environment.
According to the study that 15% of the earth's surface erosion. Most are caused
by water and by wind erosion.
If erosion occurs at the farm, the land is gradually will become infertile, because the layer of fertile soil shrinking, and if it happens at the beach, then the form of shoreline change.
Another impact of erosion is sediment and agricultural soil-borne pollutants will accumulate in the water somewhere. this can lead to siltation of water reservoirs, damage to ecosystems in the lake, pollution of drinking water.
If erosion occurs at the farm, the land is gradually will become infertile, because the layer of fertile soil shrinking, and if it happens at the beach, then the form of shoreline change.
Another impact of erosion is sediment and agricultural soil-borne pollutants will accumulate in the water somewhere. this can lead to siltation of water reservoirs, damage to ecosystems in the lake, pollution of drinking water.
e.
erosion
prevention
is
Erosion can
not be prevented completely because it is a natural process. Prevention of erosion
is a business control excessive erosion that can lead to disaster.
There are many ways to control erosion, among
others:
1. Soil processing
The area of land cultivated with crops with good, regular arrangement of plants that will reduce levels of erosion.
2. Iron Stone Wall Mounting
Frame
By making a stone wall with iron wire frame on the riverbank to reduce erosion of river water.
3. reforestation
That is to return an area of forest in its original state from a state that has been damaged in several places.
4. Rough
Stone
placement
Stone
along
Waterfront.
5. Making or Breaking Wind Waves
Trees planted trees several lines to reduce wind strength.
6. Making Terrace Slope Land
Terrace soil serves to strengthen the resilience of the soil against erosion style.
Vocabulary
1.
According : Menurut
2. or
mud : atau Lumpur
3. gravity : gaya berat
4. eroded : : terkikis
5. crevices : celah
6. Climate : iklim
7. Rainfall : Curah hujan
8. Humidity : kelembaban
9. Both : kedua
10. slope
length : panjang
kemiringan
11. magnitude : besarnya
12. velocity : kecepatan
13. Vegetation : tumbuh-tumbuhan
14. Eliminate : menghapuskan
15. Stratum : lapisan
16. Spark : percikan
17. plant
canopy : kanopi tanaman
18. growth : pertumbuhan
19. sensitivity : kepekaan
20. Ground : tanah
21. Fertility : kesuburan
22. Epending : Epending
23. Sustainable : berkelanjutan
24. Maintain : mempertahankan
25. Various : berbagai
26. Occurrence : kejadian
27. Disposal : pembuangan
28. landslides. : tanah longsor.
29. Due : karena
30. Gusts : angin
31. Terrace : teras
32. strength. : kekuatan.
33. Cultivated : dibudidayakan
34. Puddle : genangan air
35. Rough : kasar
36. Damaged : rusak
37. Reduce : mengurangi
38. Reforestation : reboisasi
39. Soil
processing : tanah
pengolahan
40. Mounting : mount
41. Prevention : pencegahan
42. Impact : dampak
43. Among : antara
44. Riverside : tepi sungai
45. Glaciers : gletser
46. Occurs : terjadi
47. Reducing : mengurangi
48. Siltation : siltasi
49. Cracked : retak
50. Environment : lingkungan
51. Completely : sepenuhnya
52. Drinking : minum
53. Freezes : membeku
54. Fertile : subur
55. Susceptible : rentan
56. disaster. : bencana.
57. Collide : bertabrakan
58. Basically : Pada dasarnya
59. Dense : padat
60. Velocity : kecepatan
61. Particles : partikel
62. Displacemen : Displacemen
63. Riverbed : palung
64. Constantly : terus-menerus
65. soil-borne : tanah-ditanggung
Conclusion
so the
conclusion that :
erosion
is nature process that at many locations usually more memperparah by human
manner. nature process that causes the happening of erosion because factor
curah rain, soil texture, slope level and soil cover.
intensity
curah tall rain at a location the soil texture sediment, sand for example with
also rather steep evoke tall erosion level.
besides factor
curah rain, soil texture and the slope, also influence erosion level. bald soil
without there tree plants or grass sensitive towards erosion. also can be
caused by wind, sea water and ice.
erosion there are some kind follows process the happening of that is:
1. gravity
consequence erosion
2. erosion by
wind
3. erosion by
water
4. erosion by
ice
at
influence by human, climate, vegetasi, topography, and soil.
a.
Vegetasi
tall
plants usually
causes
larger ones erosion is compared low plants, because water
bated by plants admit of to botch soil at the (time)
of fall at
soil
surface. besides decrease rainwater grains stroke in soil,
also
influential in demote surface current speed and
decrease
ground water pregnancy passes transpirasi.
b. human
human
can prevent and speed up the happening of erosion, depending to how human
mengelo. human that determine to what soil menghasilkannya will botch and
unproductive or be good and voluminous everlastingly. many factors that
determine to what human will defend and care with carry on the soil wisely so
that be better and can give income last for duration not limited.
c.
Soil
soil
characters that influence erosion sensitivity (1) soil characters that
influence rapid infiltration, permeability holds back water, and (2) soil characters that influence soil
structure endurance towards menypersi and erosion by rain grains that fall and
surface current.
d.
Climated
climate
factor that influence erosion rain. quantity curah rain, intensity and rain
distribution determines menypersi rain tehadap soil, total and speed permukaaan
with erosion damage magnitude.
e.
Topografhy
also influential
towards erosion
slope form is discriminated on straight slope, slope
chubby, concave
slope and complex slope. straight slope mencirikan by slope uniform in entire
slope parts. chubby slope more
steep
up at slope under, while concave slope more slopes up at
slope under.
chubby slope usually bigger attrition than slope concave.
erosion
can not at prevent, but there's only manner that can at use to overcome it that
is among others: coarse stone stone location along coast edge, coarse stone
stone location along coast edge, reaffoprestation.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar